| CD | NCGS | |
| Gluten intolerance | Permanent | Possible transient |
| Symptoms | Gluten-dependent | Gluten-dependent |
| Treatment | GFD | GFD |
| Anti-transglutaminase antibodies | + | – |
| Anti-endomysial antibodies | + | – |
| IgG-anti-gliadin antibodies | +/– | + |
| Histology | Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, intraepithelial lymphocytosis | Normal, at most intraepithelial lymphocytosis (Marsh 1) |
| Genetic predisposition | HLA DQ2/DQ8 | No |
| Diagnosis | Positive serology and histology | Step 1 = response to GFD + Step 2 = Gluten-challenge with crossover (Salerno criteria, 2015) |
CD – celiac disease, NCGS – non-celiac gluten sensitivity, GFD – Gluten-free diet